【先楫半导体HPM6750EVKMINI评估板试用体验】基准性能测试之一:整数计算能力Dhrystone

ti

前言

根据描述该新芯片整数计算能力Dhrystone达到4651 DMIPS

我们就实际测试一下。

注:

Dhrystone是于1984年由Reinhold P. Weicker设计的一套综合的基准程序，该程序用来测试CPU（整数）计算性能。其输出结果为每秒钟运行Dhrystone的次数，即每秒钟迭代主循环的次数。

获取代码

http://www.roylongbottom.org.uk/classic_benchmarks.tar.gz

解压classic_benchmarks.tar.gz将classic_benchmarksclassic_benchmarkssource_codedhrystone2文件夹复制到自己的工程。

添加代码

将dhrystone2文件夹复制到工程目录projled下，按如下刷新

看到文件刷新了

修改代码

主要添加时间测量接口

使用rt_tick_get

start_time();

end_time();

local_time();

等接口删除

删除CPU相关接口

classic_benchmarksclassic_benchmarkssource_codecommon_32bit的cpuidc.c中实现相应的接口,我们不使用

删除#include "cpuidh.h"相关接口

修改dhry_1.c

fprintf全部替换为printf
浮点打印改为整数打印
调用

dhry_1.c中的main改为dhry_main

在main.c的main函数中调用

int main(void)
{
void dhry_main (int argc, char *argv[]);
dhry_main(0,0);
app_init_led_pins();
static uint32_t led_thread_arg = 0;
rt_thread_t led_thread = rt_thread_create("led_th", thread_entry, &led_thread_arg, 1024, 1, 10);
rt_thread_startup(led_thread);
return 0;
}

复制代码

测试

考虑优化等级

考虑减少系统抵达中断频率

	RT_TICK_PER_SECOND=1000		RT_TICK_PER_SECOND=100
	优化等级0	优化等级3	优化等级0	优化等级3
RAM中运行	828DMIPS	2508DMIPS		2536DMIPS
ROM中运行	828	2507DMIPS		2529DMIPS

最后实测大概2536DMIPS和表明的4651 DMIPS差一倍左右，不知道是标注的是双核一起，还是有优化措施可以再提高。

测试代码
dhry_1.c

/* gcc dhry_1.c dhry_2.c cpuidc64.o cpuida64.o -m64 -lrt -lc -lm -o dhry2
*************************************************************************
*
* "DHRYSTONE" Benchmark Program
* -----------------------------
*
* Version: C, Version 2.1
*
* File: dhry_1.c (part 2 of 3)
*
* Date: May 25, 1988
*
* Author: Reinhold P. Weicker
*
*************************************************************************
*
* #define options not used
*/
#include
#include
#include
#include "rtthread.h"
#include "dhry.h"
//#include "cpuidh.h"
#ifdef CNNT
#define options "Non-optimised"
#define opt "0"
#else
// #define options "Optimised"
#define options "Opt 3 64 Bit"
#define opt ""
#endif
/* Global Variables: */
Rec_Pointer Ptr_Glob,
Next_Ptr_Glob;
int Int_Glob;
Boolean Bool_Glob;
char Ch_1_Glob,
Ch_2_Glob;
int Arr_1_Glob [50];
int Arr_2_Glob [50] [50];
char Reg_Define[40] = "Register option Selected.";
Enumeration Func_1 (Capital_Letter Ch_1_Par_Val,
Capital_Letter Ch_2_Par_Val);
/*
forward declaration necessary since Enumeration may not simply be int
*/
#ifndef ROPT
#define REG
/* REG becomes defined as empty */
/* i.e. no register variables */
#else
#define REG register
#endif
void Proc_1 (REG Rec_Pointer Ptr_Val_Par);
void Proc_2 (One_Fifty *Int_Par_Ref);
void Proc_3 (Rec_Pointer *Ptr_Ref_Par);
void Proc_4 ();
void Proc_5 ();
void Proc_6 (Enumeration Enum_Val_Par, Enumeration *Enum_Ref_Par);
void Proc_7 (One_Fifty Int_1_Par_Val, One_Fifty Int_2_Par_Val,
One_Fifty *Int_Par_Ref);
void Proc_8 (Arr_1_Dim Arr_1_Par_Ref, Arr_2_Dim Arr_2_Par_Ref,
int Int_1_Par_Val, int Int_2_Par_Val);
Boolean Func_2 (Str_30 Str_1_Par_Ref, Str_30 Str_2_Par_Ref);
/* variables for time measurement: */
#define Too_Small_Time 2
/* Measurements should last at least 2 seconds */
double User_Time;
double Microseconds,
Dhrystones_Per_Second,
Vax_Mips;
/* end of variables for time measurement */
void dhry_main (int argc, char *argv[])
/*****/
/* main program, corresponds to procedures */
/* Main and Proc_0 in the Ada version */
{
One_Fifty Int_1_Loc;
REG One_Fifty Int_2_Loc;
One_Fifty Int_3_Loc;
REG char Ch_Index;
Enumeration Enum_Loc;
Str_30 Str_1_Loc;
Str_30 Str_2_Loc;
REG int Run_Index;
REG int Number_Of_Runs;
int endit, count = 10;
FILE *Ap;
int errors = 0;
int i;
int nopause = 1;
/* Initializations */
if (argc > 1)
{
switch (argv[1][0])
{
case 'N':
nopause = 0;
break;
case 'n':
nopause = 0;
break;
}
}
// if ((Ap = fopen("Dhry.txt","a+")) == NULL)
// {
// printf(" Can not open Dhry.txtnn");
// printf(" Press Enternn");
// int g = getchar();
// exit(1);
// }
/***********************************************************************
* Change for compiler and optimisation used *
***********************************************************************/
Next_Ptr_Glob = (Rec_Pointer) malloc (sizeof (Rec_Type));
Ptr_Glob = (Rec_Pointer) malloc (sizeof (Rec_Type));
Ptr_Glob->Ptr_Comp = Next_Ptr_Glob;
Ptr_Glob->Discr = Ident_1;
Ptr_Glob->variant.var_1.Enum_Comp = Ident_3;
Ptr_Glob->variant.var_1.Int_Comp = 40;
strcpy (Ptr_Glob->variant.var_1.Str_Comp,
"DHRYSTONE PROGRAM, SOME STRING");
strcpy (Str_1_Loc, "DHRYSTONE PROGRAM, 1'ST STRING");
Arr_2_Glob [8][7] = 10;
/* Was missing in published program. Without this statement, */
/* Arr_2_Glob [8][7] would have an undefined value. */
/* Warning: With 16-Bit processors and Number_Of_Runs > 32000, */
/* overflow may occur for this array element. */
//getDetails();
//for (i=1; i<10; i++)
//{
// printf("%sn", configdata[i]);
//}
//printf("n");
//printf ( " #####################################################nn");
//for (i=1; i<10; i++)
//{
// printf( "%s n", configdata[i]);
//}
//printf ( "n");
printf("##########################################n");
printf ("n");
printf ("Dhrystone Benchmark, Version 2.1 (Language: C or C++)n");
printf ("n");
printf ("Optimisation %sn", options);
#ifdef ROPT
printf ("Register option selectednn");
#else
printf ("Register option not selectednn");
strcpy(Reg_Define, "Register option Not selected.");
#endif // "Register option Selected."
/*
if (Reg)
{
printf ("Program compiled with 'register' attributen");
printf ("n");
}
else
{
printf ("Program compiled without 'register' attributen");
printf ("n");
}
printf ("Please give the number of runs through the benchmark: ");
{
int n;
scanf ("%d", &n);
Number_Of_Runs = n;
}
printf ("n");
printf ("Execution starts, %d runs through Dhrystonen",
Number_Of_Runs);
*/
Number_Of_Runs = 5000;
do
{
Number_Of_Runs = Number_Of_Runs * 2;
count = count - 1;
Arr_2_Glob [8][7] = 10;
/***************/
/* Start timer */
/***************/
///start_time();
rt_tick_t start_time = rt_tick_get();
for (Run_Index = 1; Run_Index <= Number_Of_Runs; ++Run_Index)
{
Proc_5();
Proc_4();
/* Ch_1_Glob == 'A', Ch_2_Glob == 'B', Bool_Glob == true */
Int_1_Loc = 2;
Int_2_Loc = 3;
strcpy (Str_2_Loc, "DHRYSTONE PROGRAM, 2'ND STRING");
Enum_Loc = Ident_2;
Bool_Glob = ! Func_2 (Str_1_Loc, Str_2_Loc);
/* Bool_Glob == 1 */
while (Int_1_Loc < Int_2_Loc) /* loop body executed once */
{
Int_3_Loc = 5 * Int_1_Loc - Int_2_Loc;
/* Int_3_Loc == 7 */
Proc_7 (Int_1_Loc, Int_2_Loc, &Int_3_Loc);
/* Int_3_Loc == 7 */
Int_1_Loc += 1;
} /* while */
/* Int_1_Loc == 3, Int_2_Loc == 3, Int_3_Loc == 7 */
Proc_8 (Arr_1_Glob, Arr_2_Glob, Int_1_Loc, Int_3_Loc);
/* Int_Glob == 5 */
Proc_1 (Ptr_Glob);
for (Ch_Index = 'A'; Ch_Index <= Ch_2_Glob; ++Ch_Index)
/* loop body executed twice */
{
if (Enum_Loc == Func_1 (Ch_Index, 'C'))
/* then, not executed */
{
Proc_6 (Ident_1, &Enum_Loc);
strcpy (Str_2_Loc, "DHRYSTONE PROGRAM, 3'RD STRING");
Int_2_Loc = Run_Index;
Int_Glob = Run_Index;
}
}
/* Int_1_Loc == 3, Int_2_Loc == 3, Int_3_Loc == 7 */
Int_2_Loc = Int_2_Loc * Int_1_Loc;
Int_1_Loc = Int_2_Loc / Int_3_Loc;
Int_2_Loc = 7 * (Int_2_Loc - Int_3_Loc) - Int_1_Loc;
/* Int_1_Loc == 1, Int_2_Loc == 13, Int_3_Loc == 7 */
Proc_2 (&Int_1_Loc);
/* Int_1_Loc == 5 */
} /* loop "for Run_Index" */
/**************/
/* Stop timer */
/**************/
///end_time();
///User_Time = secs;
User_Time = ((rt_tick_get() - start_time)*1.0)/RT_TICK_PER_SECOND;
printf ("%d runs %d milliseconds n",Number_Of_Runs, (int)(User_Time*1000));
if (User_Time > 2)
{
count = 0;
}
else
{
if (User_Time < 0.05)
{
Number_Of_Runs = Number_Of_Runs * 5;
}
}
} /* calibrate/run do while */
while (count >0);
printf ("n");
printf ("Final values (* implementation-dependent):n");
printf ("n");
printf ("Int_Glob: ");
if (Int_Glob == 5) printf ("O.K. ");
else printf ("WRONG ");
printf ("%d ", Int_Glob);
printf ("Bool_Glob: ");
if (Bool_Glob == 1) printf ("O.K. ");
else printf ("WRONG ");
printf ("%dn", Bool_Glob);
printf ("Ch_1_Glob: ");
if (Ch_1_Glob == 'A') printf ("O.K. ");
else printf ("WRONG ");
printf ("%c ", Ch_1_Glob);
printf ("Ch_2_Glob: ");
if (Ch_2_Glob == 'B') printf ("O.K. ");
else printf ("WRONG ");
printf ("%cn", Ch_2_Glob);
printf ("Arr_1_Glob[8]: ");
if (Arr_1_Glob[8] == 7) printf ("O.K. ");
else printf ("WRONG ");
printf ("%d ", Arr_1_Glob[8]);
printf ("Arr_2_Glob8/7: ");
if (Arr_2_Glob[8][7] == Number_Of_Runs + 10)
printf ("O.K. ");
else printf ("WRONG ");
printf ("%10dn", Arr_2_Glob[8][7]);
printf ("Ptr_Glob-> ");
printf (" Ptr_Comp: * %dn", (int) Ptr_Glob->Ptr_Comp);
printf (" Discr: ");
if (Ptr_Glob->Discr == 0) printf ("O.K. ");
else printf ("WRONG ");
printf ("%d ", Ptr_Glob->Discr);
printf ("Enum_Comp: ");
if (Ptr_Glob->variant.var_1.Enum_Comp == 2)
printf ("O.K. ");
else printf ("WRONG ");
printf ("%dn", Ptr_Glob->variant.var_1.Enum_Comp);
printf (" Int_Comp: ");
if (Ptr_Glob->variant.var_1.Int_Comp == 17) printf ("O.K. ");
else printf ("WRONG ");
printf ("%d ", Ptr_Glob->variant.var_1.Int_Comp);
printf ("Str_Comp: ");
if (strcmp(Ptr_Glob->variant.var_1.Str_Comp,
"DHRYSTONE PROGRAM, SOME STRING") == 0)
printf ("O.K. ");
else printf ("WRONG ");
printf ("%sn", Ptr_Glob->variant.var_1.Str_Comp);
printf ("Next_Ptr_Glob-> ");
printf (" Ptr_Comp: * %d", (int) Next_Ptr_Glob->Ptr_Comp);
printf (" same as aboven");
printf (" Discr: ");
if (Next_Ptr_Glob->Discr == 0)
printf ("O.K. ");
else printf ("WRONG ");
printf ("%d ", Next_Ptr_Glob->Discr);
printf ("Enum_Comp: ");
if (Next_Ptr_Glob->variant.var_1.Enum_Comp == 1)
printf ("O.K. ");
else printf ("WRONG ");
printf ("%dn", Next_Ptr_Glob->variant.var_1.Enum_Comp);
printf (" Int_Comp: ");
if (Next_Ptr_Glob->variant.var_1.Int_Comp == 18)
printf ("O.K. ");
else printf ("WRONG ");
printf ("%d ", Next_Ptr_Glob->variant.var_1.Int_Comp);
printf ("Str_Comp: ");
if (strcmp(Next_Ptr_Glob->variant.var_1.Str_Comp,
"DHRYSTONE PROGRAM, SOME STRING") == 0)
printf ("O.K. ");
else printf ("WRONG ");
printf ("%sn", Next_Ptr_Glob->variant.var_1.Str_Comp);
printf ("Int_1_Loc: ");
if (Int_1_Loc == 5)
printf ("O.K. ");
else printf ("WRONG ");
printf ("%d ", Int_1_Loc);
printf ("Int_2_Loc: ");
if (Int_2_Loc == 13)
printf ("O.K. ");
else printf ("WRONG ");
printf ("%dn", Int_2_Loc);
printf ("Int_3_Loc: ");
if (Int_3_Loc == 7)
printf ("O.K. ");
else printf ("WRONG ");
printf ("%d ", Int_3_Loc);
printf ("Enum_Loc: ");
if (Enum_Loc == 1)
printf ("O.K. ");
else printf ("WRONG ");
printf ("%d n", Enum_Loc);
printf ("Str_1_Loc: ");
if (strcmp(Str_1_Loc, "DHRYSTONE PROGRAM, 1'ST STRING") == 0)
printf ("O.K. ");
else printf ("WRONG ");
printf ("%sn", Str_1_Loc);
printf ("Str_2_Loc: ");
if (strcmp(Str_2_Loc, "DHRYSTONE PROGRAM, 2'ND STRING") == 0)
printf ("O.K. ");
else printf ("WRONG ");
printf ("%sn", Str_2_Loc);
printf ("n");
if (User_Time < Too_Small_Time)
{
printf ("Measured time too small to obtain meaningful resultsn");
printf ("Please increase number of runsn");
printf ("n");
}
else
{
Microseconds = User_Time * Mic_secs_Per_Second
/ (double) Number_Of_Runs;
Dhrystones_Per_Second = (double) Number_Of_Runs / User_Time;
Vax_Mips = Dhrystones_Per_Second / 1757.0;
printf ("Microseconds(/1000) for one run through Dhrystone: ");
printf ("%d n", (int)(Microseconds*1000));
printf ("Dhrystones per Second: ");
printf ("%d n", (int)Dhrystones_Per_Second);
printf ("VAX MIPS rating = ");
printf ("%d n", (int)Vax_Mips);
printf ("n");
/************************************************************************
* Add results to output file Dhry.txt *
************************************************************************/
///local_time();
///printf ( " #####################################################nn");
///printf ( " Dhrystone Benchmark 2.1 %s via C/C++ %sn", options, timeday);
///printf ( " VAX MIPS rating: %12.2lfnn",Vax_Mips);
// printf( " Classic Benchmark Ratings for CPUSpeed.txt where 100 MHz Pentium = 100n");
/*
if (strtol(opt, NULL, 10) == 1)
{
printf( " Integer Dhry2 Opt %dnn", (int)(Vax_Mips / 130 * 100));
}
else
{
printf( " Integer Dhry2 NoOpt %dnn", (int)(Vax_Mips / 32 * 100));
}
*/
if (Int_Glob != 5)
{
printf ( " Wrong result Int_Glob Was %d Should be 5n", Int_Glob);
errors = errors + 1;
}
if (Bool_Glob != 1)
{
printf ( " Wrong result Bool_Glob Was %d Should be 1n", Bool_Glob);
errors = errors + 1;
}
if (Ch_1_Glob != 'A')
{
printf ( " Wrong result Ch_1_Glob Was %c Should be An", Ch_1_Glob);
errors = errors + 1;
}
if (Ch_2_Glob != 'B')
{
printf ( " Wrong result Ch_2_Glob Was %c Should be Bn", Ch_2_Glob);
errors = errors + 1;
}
if (Arr_1_Glob[8] != 7)
{
printf ( " Wrong result Arr_1_Glob[8] Was %d Should be 7n", Arr_1_Glob[8]);
errors = errors + 1;
}
if (Arr_2_Glob[8][7] != Number_Of_Runs + 10)
{
printf ( " Wrong result Arr_2_Glob[8][7] Was %d Should be %dn", Arr_2_Glob[8][7], Number_Of_Runs + 10);
errors = errors + 1;
}
if (Ptr_Glob->Discr != 0)
{
printf ( " Wrong result Ptr_Glob->Discr Was %d Should be 0n", Ptr_Glob->Discr);
errors = errors + 1;
}
if (Ptr_Glob->variant.var_1.Enum_Comp != 2)
{
printf ( " Wrong result Ptr_Glob->variant.var_1.Enum_Comp Was %d Should be 2n", Ptr_Glob->variant.var_1.Enum_Comp);
errors = errors + 1;
}
if (Ptr_Glob->variant.var_1.Int_Comp != 17)
{
printf ( " Wrong result Ptr_Glob->variant.var_1.Int_Comp Was %d Should be 17n", Ptr_Glob->variant.var_1.Int_Comp);
errors = errors + 1;
}
if (strcmp(Ptr_Glob->variant.var_1.Str_Comp, "DHRYSTONE PROGRAM, SOME STRING") != 0)
{
printf ( " Wrong result Ptr_Glob->variant.var_1.Str_Comp Was %s Should be DHRYSTONE PROGRAM, SOME STRINGn", Ptr_Glob->variant.var_1.Str_Comp);
errors = errors + 1;
}
if (Next_Ptr_Glob->Discr != 0)
{
printf ( " Wrong result Next_Ptr_Glob->Discr Was %d Should be 0n", Next_Ptr_Glob->Discr);
errors = errors + 1;
}
if (Next_Ptr_Glob->variant.var_1.Enum_Comp != 1)
{
printf ( " Wrong result Next_Ptr_Glob->variant.var_1.Enum_Comp Was %d Should be 1n", Next_Ptr_Glob->variant.var_1.Enum_Comp);
errors = errors + 1;
}
if (Next_Ptr_Glob->variant.var_1.Int_Comp != 18)
{
printf ( " Wrong result Next_Ptr_Glob->variant.var_1.Int_Comp Was %d Should be 18n", Next_Ptr_Glob->variant.var_1.Int_Comp);
errors = errors + 1;
}
if (strcmp(Next_Ptr_Glob->variant.var_1.Str_Comp, "DHRYSTONE PROGRAM, SOME STRING") != 0)
{
printf ( " Wrong result Next_Ptr_Glob->variant.var_1.Str_Comp Was %s Should be DHRYSTONE PROGRAM, SOME STRINGn", Next_Ptr_Glob->variant.var_1.Str_Comp);
errors = errors + 1;
}
if (Int_1_Loc != 5)
{
printf ( " Wrong result Int_1_Loc Was %d Should be 5n", Int_1_Loc);
errors = errors + 1;
}
if (Int_2_Loc != 13)
{
printf ( " Wrong result Int_2_Loc Was %d Should be 13n", Int_2_Loc);
errors = errors + 1;
}
if (Int_3_Loc != 7)
{
printf ( " Wrong result Int_3_Loc Was %d Should be 7n", Int_3_Loc);
errors = errors + 1;
}
if (Enum_Loc != 1)
{
printf ( " Wrong result Enum_Loc Was %d Should be 1n", Enum_Loc);
errors = errors + 1;
}
if (strcmp(Str_1_Loc, "DHRYSTONE PROGRAM, 1'ST STRING") != 0)
{
printf ( " Wrong result Str_1_Loc Was %s Should be DHRYSTONE PROGRAM, 1'ST STRINGn", Str_1_Loc);
errors = errors + 1;
}
if (strcmp(Str_2_Loc, "DHRYSTONE PROGRAM, 2'ND STRING") != 0)
{
printf ( " Wrong result Str_2_Loc Was %s Should be DHRYSTONE PROGRAM, 2'ND STRINGn", Str_2_Loc);
errors = errors + 1;
}
if (errors == 0)
{
printf ( " Numeric results were correctnn");
}
else
{
printf ( "n");
}
///fclose(Ap);
}
if (nopause)
{
printf(" Press Enternn");
int g = getchar();
}
}
void Proc_1 (REG Rec_Pointer Ptr_Val_Par)
/******************/
/* executed once */
{
REG Rec_Pointer Next_Record = Ptr_Val_Par->Ptr_Comp;
/* == Ptr_Glob_Next */
/* Local variable, initialized with Ptr_Val_Par->Ptr_Comp, */
/* corresponds to "rename" in Ada, "with" in Pascal */
structassign (*Ptr_Val_Par->Ptr_Comp, *Ptr_Glob);
Ptr_Val_Par->variant.var_1.Int_Comp = 5;
Next_Record->variant.var_1.Int_Comp
= Ptr_Val_Par->variant.var_1.Int_Comp;
Next_Record->Ptr_Comp = Ptr_Val_Par->Ptr_Comp;
Proc_3 (&Next_Record->Ptr_Comp);
/* Ptr_Val_Par->Ptr_Comp->Ptr_Comp
== Ptr_Glob->Ptr_Comp */
if (Next_Record->Discr == Ident_1)
/* then, executed */
{
Next_Record->variant.var_1.Int_Comp = 6;
Proc_6 (Ptr_Val_Par->variant.var_1.Enum_Comp,
&Next_Record->variant.var_1.Enum_Comp);
Next_Record->Ptr_Comp = Ptr_Glob->Ptr_Comp;
Proc_7 (Next_Record->variant.var_1.Int_Comp, 10,
&Next_Record->variant.var_1.Int_Comp);
}
else /* not executed */
structassign (*Ptr_Val_Par, *Ptr_Val_Par->Ptr_Comp);
} /* Proc_1 */
void Proc_2 (One_Fifty *Int_Par_Ref)
/******************/
/* executed once */
/* *Int_Par_Ref == 1, becomes 4 */
{
One_Fifty Int_Loc;
Enumeration Enum_Loc;
Int_Loc = *Int_Par_Ref + 10;
do /* executed once */
if (Ch_1_Glob == 'A')
/* then, executed */
{
Int_Loc -= 1;
*Int_Par_Ref = Int_Loc - Int_Glob;
Enum_Loc = Ident_1;
} /* if */
while (Enum_Loc != Ident_1); /* true */
} /* Proc_2 */
void Proc_3 (Rec_Pointer *Ptr_Ref_Par)
/******************/
/* executed once */
/* Ptr_Ref_Par becomes Ptr_Glob */
{
if (Ptr_Glob != Null)
/* then, executed */
*Ptr_Ref_Par = Ptr_Glob->Ptr_Comp;
Proc_7 (10, Int_Glob, &Ptr_Glob->variant.var_1.Int_Comp);
} /* Proc_3 */
void Proc_4 () /* without parameters */
/*******/
/* executed once */
{
Boolean Bool_Loc;
Bool_Loc = Ch_1_Glob == 'A';
Bool_Glob = Bool_Loc | Bool_Glob;
Ch_2_Glob = 'B';
} /* Proc_4 */
void Proc_5 () /* without parameters */
/*******/
/* executed once */
{
Ch_1_Glob = 'A';
Bool_Glob = false;
} /* Proc_5 */
/* Procedure for the assignment of structures, */
/* if the C compiler doesn't support this feature */
#ifdef NOSTRUCTASSIGN
memcpy (d, s, l)
register char *d;
register char *s;
register int l;
{
while (l--) *d++ = *s++;
}
#endif