以太网、车载以太网以及各种车内总线发展历史（年历）

自从2008年BMW开始把车载以太网（Automotive Ethernet)引入量产项目，近10年来，车载以太网技术不断完善，应用领域也越来越广泛；
以下年代表，介绍以太网、车内各总线技术（LIN、CAN、FlexRay、MOST等）和车载以太网发明及应用的大事记；

1965
AT&T installs the world’s first electronic telephone switch (special purpose computer) in a local telephone exchange [1].

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1968
Invention of Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs) [2].

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1969
AT&T employees at Bell Labs develop the operating system Unix, which eventually enabled distributed computing with remote procedure calls and the use of remote resources. For antitrust
reasons, AT&T was neither allowed to sell Unix nor to keep it to itself. In consequence, they shippedit to everyone interested [3].

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1969 Apr. 7
The RFC 1 is published [4]. It discusses the host software for ARPANET’s switching nodes.
ARPANET represents one of the world’s first operational packet switching networks [5].

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1969 Oct. 29
The first ARPANET link is established between University of California, Los Angeles and Stanford Research Institute [6].

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1971 Nov. 3
Publication of the first “UNIX Programmer’s Manual” [7].

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By 1973
Unix was recoded in C (it was first developed in (an) Assembly language). This greatly enhanced Unix’s portability to different hardware and further incited its distribution [7].

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1973
The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) creates a technical committee (TC77) to specifically handle questions of electromagnetic compatibility [8].

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1973 May 22
First documentation of Ethernet as an idea in a memo from Robert Metcalfe at Xerox PARC [9]. At that time, Xerox PARC was selling the first personal computer workstations (called “Xerox Alto”) and had invented the first laser printers [10]. Metcalfe was working on a solution for data transmission between these products and the early Internet.

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1973 Oct.
Unix was presented publicly to the Fourth Association for Computer Machinery on Operating System Principles [3].

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1973 Nov. 11
First Xerox internal demonstration of Ethernet [9].

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1974 Dec.
Release of the “Specification of Internet Transmission Control Protocol” (TCP), RFC 675, which was initiated by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, influenced by early networking
protocols from Xerox PARC and refined by the Networking Research Group of the University of Stanford [11].

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1975
Honeywell and Yokogawa introduce the first distributed computer control systems for industrial automation [12].

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1975 Mar. 31
Xerox files a patent application listing Robert Metcalfe, David Boggs, Charles Thacker, and Butler Lampson as inventors [13].

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1976 Jul.
First paper published on Ethernet [14].

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1977
The ISO formed a committee on Open System Interconnection (OSI) [15]. Somewhat later a group from Honeywell Information Systems presented their seven layer model to the ISO OSI group [16].

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1978 Mar. 9
The Computer System Research Group of the University of California, Berkeley released its first Unix derivative, the Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) [17].

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1978 Apr. 1
ARINC publishes the first ARINC 429 communication standard for avionic equipment [18].

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1979 Jun.
ISO publishes the OSI layering model [16].

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1979 Jun. 4
Metcalfe founds 3COM to build Ethernet competitive products and convinces DEC, Intel, and Xerox (referred to as DIX) to use and promote Ethernet as a standard for their products [9] [19].

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1979–82
Next to 3COM, several start-up companies were founded that built Ethernet products. The most successful ones in the mid 1980s were Ungermann-Bass (U-B), Interlan, Bridge Communications, and Excelan [19].

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1980 Feb.
IEEE starts 802 project to standardize LANs [19].

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1980 May
The DIX group joins the IEEE 802 project and offers Ethernet for adoption while still working on it [19].

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1980 Aug. 29
The User Datagram Protocol (UDP) was published as RFC 768 [20].

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1980 Sep. 30
Publication of the first version of the so-called DIX Standard (from DEC/Intel/Xerox) on Ethernet. At 2.94 Mbps, it was able to support 256 devices [21].

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1980 Dec.
IEEE 802 LAN effort was split into three groups: 802.3 for CSMA/CD (Ethernet), 802.4 for Token Bus (for the factory automation vendors), and 802.5 for Token Ring (drive by IBM) [19].

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1981 Mar.
3Com shipped its first 10 Mbps Ethernet 3C100 transceiver [22].

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1981 Sep.
With the fourth version the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and the Internet Protocol are published in separate documents, RFC 793 [23] and RFC 791 [24].

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1982 Aug.
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) is published as RFC 821 [25].

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1982 Sep.
3COM ships the first Ethernet adapter for IBM PCs [9].

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1982 Nov.
The second version of the DIX Ethernet Standard is published [26].

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1983
IEEE publishes 802.3 10BASE-5 for 10 Mbps over thick coax cable [27].

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1983
The trade press names at least 21 companies either developing or manufacturing Ethernet products:
the five startups (3Com, U-B, Interlan, Bridge Communications, and Excelan),
eight computermanufacturers (DEC, H-P, Data General, Siemens, Tektronix, Xerox, ICL, and NCR), and
seven chip manufacturers (Intel, AMD, Mostek, Seeq, Fujitsu, Rockwell, and National Semiconductors), all fiercely competing [19].

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1983
BOSCH starts a company-internal project to develop CAN [28].

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1984 Jan. 1
AT&T monopoly is broken up; existing installed telephone wiring was usable for their services by competing companies [1].

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By 1985
Approximately 30,000 Ethernet networks had been installed, connecting at least 419,000 nodes [19].

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1985
IEEE publishes 802.3 10BASE-2 for 10 Mbps over thin coax cable [27].

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1986
Market introduction of Token Ring, quickly gaining momentum as it was able to use the telephone wires, was more reliable, and was easier to trouble shoot [19].

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1987
Two hundred vendors of Ethernet equipment counted [19].

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Mid 1987 SynOptics (Xerox spinout) shipped the first (proprietary) 10 Mbps Ethernet version for telephone wire. Even if this solution was proprietary, it proved its feasibility [19].

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1987 Dec.
BMW introduces the first car with a communication bus for diagnostic purposes.

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1988
The all-electronic fly-by-wire system is introduced into commercial airplane service (on the Airbus A320) [29].

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1989 Oct.
Publication of the TCP/IP Internet Protocol (IP) suite as “Requirements for Internet Hosts – Communication Layers,” RFC 1122 [30], and “Requirements for Internet Hosts – Application and
Support,” RFC 1123 [31].

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1989–90
The World Wide Web is invented at CERN [32].

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1990 Sep.
IEEE 802.3 ratified 10BASE-T [27] (with some effort, as various proprietary solutions had evolved [19]). Ethernet had won the battle against competing technologies, by adapting to market realities and
shifting from coax to twisted pair [9].

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1991
TIA publishes TIA-568. It describes an inexpensive and easy to maintain UTP structured wiring plant. This includes the definition of pin/pair assignments for eight-conductor 100 Ohm balanced
twisted pair cabling for wires in 8P8C/RJ-45 eight-pin modular connector plugs and sockets [33].

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1992
The first cars using CAN roll off the assembly line at Mercedes Benz [28].

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1993
IEEE 802.3 releases 10BASE-F, its first of a large number of optical versions [27].

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1994 Jun.
Initial release of the first automotive quality specification for integrated circuits AEC-Q100 [34].

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1995
The first commercial VoIP product allows real-time, full-duplex voice communication over the Internet using 1995 available hardware and bandwidth [35].

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1995
IEEE 802.3 releases 100BASE-TX (-T4, -FX) including autonegotiation [27].

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1995
The ISO/IEC publishes a backward compatible MPEG-2 Audio (MPEG-2 Part 3) specification –commonly referred to as MP3 – with additional bit and sample rates [36].

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1995 Jun.
IETF releases the IPv4 specification “Requirements for IP Version 4 Routers,” RFC 1812 [37].

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1995 Aug.
IETF releases the first IPsec specification RFC 1825 [38].

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1995 Dec.
IETF release the first specification for IPv6 as RFC 1883 [39].

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1996 Feb. 14
The Windows 95 Service Pack–1 includes Explorer 2.0 (i.e., built-in TCP/IP networking) [11] [40][41].

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1996 May
HTTP/1.0 is published as RFC 1945 [42].

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1997
IEEE 802.3 releases 802.3x full duplex and flow control [27].

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1997 Apr.
The Fieldbus Foundation funds the project to develop the “High-Speed Ethernet (HSE) Industrial Ethernet version [43].

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1998
IEEE 802.1 publishes the IEEE 802.1D-1998 revision that incorporates IEEE 802.1p with new priority classes [44] and IEEE 802.1Q, which enables VLANs [45].

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1998
IEEE 802.3 releases 802.3ac, which extends the maximum frame size to 1522 bytes, to allow 802.1Q VLAN information and 802.1p priority information to be included (“Q-tag”) [27].

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1998
Founding of the LIN consortium by Audi, BMW, Daimler, Volkswagen, Volvo, Freescale (erstwhile Motorola), and Mentor Graphics (erstwhile Volcano) [46].

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1998 Sep. 10
Founding of the MOST corporation by BMW, Daimler, Oasis (now Microchip), and (HARMan) Becker [47].

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1998 Dec.
IETF publishes the “Internet Protocol, Version 6 (IPv6) Specification,” RFC 2460 [48].

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1999
IEEE 802.3 releases the 1000BASE-T specification 802.3ab [27].

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1999 MayNapster was launched and significantly simplified MP3 music sharing. It was closed in February 2001 [49].

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2000 May
Boing delivers its first 747-400, which includes an advanced flight deck display system that uses the Rockwell Collins–developed, Ethernet-based Avionics Systems Network (ASN) as a communication system [50].

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2000 Dec. 31
IEC adopts its IEC 61158 standard on fieldbuses. It contains no less than 18 variants. The Ethernetbased variants HSE, EtherNet/IP, and ProfiNet represent three of them [51].

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2000
Freescale (formerly Motorola, now NXP), NXP (formerly Philips), BMW, and DaimlerChrysler (today again Daimler) found the FlexRay Consortium [52].

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2001 Oct.
DaimlerChrysler (today again Daimler) introduces LIN as the first car manufacturer [53].

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2001 Nov.
The first (BMW) car with MOST25 bus and an LVDS-based pixel link goes into production.

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2002 Nov.
Release of the IEEE 1588 PTP standard, which had been initiated a few years earlier by Agilent Technologies [54].

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2003
IEEE 802.3 releases the first Power over Ethernet (PoE) specification (IEEE802.3af) [27].

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2003
The AUTOSAR consortium is founded by BMW, BOSCH, Continental, DaimlerChrysler (today Daimler), Siemens VDO (today Continental), and Volkswagen [55].

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2003 Jun. 10
Release of the ARINC Specification 664 Part 2 “Ethernet Physical and Data Link Layer Specification” [56].

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2003 Nov.
LIN 1.3 is published [46].

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2004
Start of investigations at BMW to use Ethernet as an in-vehicle networking technology.

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2004 Feb.
The Metro Ethernet Forum releases the first of a number of standards for the deployment of Carrier Ethernet [57].

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2004 Jul.
IEEE 802.3 passes a CFI on “Residential Ethernet” and starts a respective Study Group (SG), i.e., the Audio Video Bridging (AVB) activities [58].

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2004 Sep.
IEEE 802.3 releases the first Ethernet in the First Mile (EFM) specification (IEEE 802.3ah) [27].

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2005 Apr. 27
First flight of the A380 using an AFDX network for its avionics system (see, e.g., [59] [60]).

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2005 Jun. 27
Publication of the ARINC 664 Part 7 specification on “Avionics full-duplex switched Ethernet (AFDX) network” [56].

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2005 Nov. 21
The AVB activities are shifted from IEEE 802.3 to IEEE 802.1 [61].

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2006
IEEE 802.3 releases the 10GBASE-T specification (IEEE 802.3an) [27].

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2006 Feb.
First cars with built-in USB interface for connecting consumer devices are being sold [62] [63].

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2006 Aug. 18
IEEE 802.1 releases the 802.1AE specification, also known as MACsec [64]

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2006 Nov.
BMW has the first car with a FlexRay bus in production [65].

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2007
Toyota introduces the first car with MOST50 [66].

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2007 Jul. 20
IEEE 802 confirms the renaming of the 802.3 group from “CSMA/CD (Ethernet)” to “Ethernet” [67].

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2008 Jan.
First EMC measurements of BroadR-Reach, today referred to as 100BASE-T1 Ethernet, at BMW.

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2008 Oct.
SOP of the BMW 7 series using 100BASE-TX unshielded as a diagnostic interface and using 100BASE-TX shielded for the communication between HU and RSE [68].

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2009
The development of FlexRay is seen as completed. The work in the FlexRay Consortium is completed [69] and the specifications are transferred to ISO 17458.

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2009 Mar.
The GENIVI Alliance was founded by BMW, Delphi, General Motors, Intel, Magneti Marelli, PSA Peugeot Citroën, Visteon, and Wind River [70].

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2009 Aug. 25
The AVnu Alliance is founded by Broadcom, Cisco, Harman, Intel, and Xilinx [71].

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2009 Dec. 7
AUTOSAR 4.0 is published and provides means to support Diagnosis-over-IP (DoIP), i.e., Ethernet communication based diagnosis and software flashing via IP and UDP [72].

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2010
IEEE 802.3 releases 802.3az on Energy-Efficient Ethernet (EEE) [27].

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2010 Jan.
First informal discussion among various car manufacturers and FTZ on UTSP Ethernet [73].

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2010 Mar.
BMW internal decision on using BroadR-Reach/100BASE-T1 Ethernet for the next surround view system [73].

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2011 Jan.
First discussion between Broadcom, NXP, and BMW on founding the OPEN Alliance [73].

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2011 Jan. 31
The IANA assigns the last two available blocks of IPv4 addresses [74]. The number of available IPv4 addresses is thus exhausted.

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2011 Mar.
BMW internal decision on using BroadR-Reach/100BASE-T1 Ethernet for the infotainment domain [73].

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2011 Aug. 8
The FlexRay Consortium is officially dissolved.

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2011 Oct. 15
ISO published the DoIP standard [75].

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2011 Nov. 9
NXP, Broadcom, and BMW start the OPEN Alliance. In the same month, C&S, Freescale (now NXP), Harman, Hyundai, Jaguar Landrover, and UNH-IOL join [76].

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2011 Nov. 9
NXP announces the development of a BroadR-Reach/100BASE-T1 Ethernet-compliant PHY [77].

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2011 Nov. 14
First Ethernet&IP@Automotive Technology Day at BMW in Munich [78].

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2011 Sep. 30
The IEEE ratifies and publishes the last of its “Audio Video Bridging” (AVB) standards (IEEE802.1BA) [79].

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2012 Feb.
The Metro Ethernet Forum publishes a suite of specifications as Carrier Ethernet 2.0 [80].

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2012 Mar. 15
Call for Interest (CFI) passes for Reduced Twisted Pair Gigabit Ethernet (RTPGE, later called 1000BASE-T1) at IEEE 802.3 [81].

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2012 Sep. 19
Second Ethernet&IP@Automotive Technology Day hosted by Continental in Regen***urg [82].

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2012 Sep.
Audi starts the production of its first car with a MOST150 network [83].

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2012 Nov.
IEEE renames the AVB activities as Time-Sensitive Networking (TSN) [84].

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2012 Nov. 15
CFI passes for “distinguished minimum latency traffic in a converged traffic environment,” later called Interspersing Express Traffic (IET)/IEEE802.3br, at IEEE 802.3 [85], after it had failed its first
attempt on 12 March [86].

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2013 Jan.
Start of RTPGE/1000BASE-T1 task force at IEEE 802.3 [87].

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2013 Jul.
The LIN standardization is seen as completed. The LIN specifications are transferred to ISO 17987 [88] and the LIN Consortium is dissolved.

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2013 Jul. 16
CFI passes for Power over Data Line (PoDL) at IEEE 802.3 [89].

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2013 Sep.
SOP of the BMW X5 using BroadR-Reach/100BASE-T1 Ethernet for connecting the cameras to the surround view system [73].

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2013 Sep. 25
Third Ethernet&IP@Automotive Technology Day hosted by BOSCH in Stuttgart [90].

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2013 Nov.
Acceptance of Interspersing Express Traffic (IET)/IEEE 802.3br Task Force at IEEE 802.3 [91] after failing the attempt in July [92].

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2014 Jan.
Start of PoDL Task Force at IEEE 802.3 [93]

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2014 Mar. 20
CFI for 1 Twisted Pair 100 Mbps Ethernet (1TPCE) PHY at IEEE
802.3, i.e., the transfer of BroadRReach to the IEEE standard 100BASE-T1 [94].

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2014 Mar. 20
CFI for Gigabit Ethernet over Plastic Optical Fiber, now called 1000BASE-RH, at IEEE 802.3 [95].

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2014 Mar. 31
AUTOSAR Version 4.1 is published and supports TCP, Service Discovery (SD), and the connection to the MAC and PHY layers (including BroadR-Reach/100BASE-T1) [96].

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2014 Jun. 9
The OPEN Alliance has more than 200 members [97].

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2014 Sep.
Start of 100BASE-T1 Task Force at IEEE 802.3 [98].

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2014 Oct. 23
IEEE-SA (fourth) Ethernet&IP@Automotive Technology Day hosted by General Motors in Detroit [99] and organized by IEEE-SA.

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2015 Sep.
SOP of 7-series BMW using 100BASE-T1 Ethernet as system bus to connect a variety of ECUs [73].

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2015 Jan.
Start of GEPOF/1000BASE-RH Task Force at IEEE 802.3 [100] after failing to move into Task Force in July [101].

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2015 May 12
Publication update of the Automotive Ethernet AVB specification [102].

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2015 Oct. 27
Fifth Ethernet&IP@Automotive Technology Day hosted by JASPAR in Yokohama [103] and organized by Nikkei BP.

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2015 Oct. 14
Among other car manufacturers, Volkswagen and Jaguar Landrover publicly announce the use of BroadR-Reach/100BASE-T1 Ethernet in their cars [104].

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2015 Oct. 26
Publication date of 100BASE-T1 specification by IEEE [105]

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2016 Jan.
ISO starts Project 21111 Part 1 and 3 on “Road vehicles – In-vehicle Gigabit Ethernet system” with focus on specifications to support the optical Gbps Ethernet standard 1000BASE-RH [106] [107].

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2016 Mar. 4
Publication date of the significantly amended IEEE 1722 specification [108].

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2016 Mar. 22
OPEN Alliance has more than 300 members [109].

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2016 Jun.
The ISO registers ISO 21806 in order to accommodate the completed MOST specifications at ISO.

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2016 Jun. 30
Publication date of the 1000BASE-T1 specification by IEEE [110].

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2016 Jun. 30
Publication date of the Interspersing Express Traffic (IET) specification by IEEE [111].

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2016 Jul. 28
CFI passes at IEEE 802.3 in order to establish a SG to investigate the standardization of a 10 Mbps Ethernet for use in automotive and industrial [112].

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2016 Sep. 20
IEEE-SA (sixth) Ethernet&IP@Automotive Technology Day hosted by Renault in Paris [113] and organized by IEEE-SA.

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2016 Sep.
The ISO project 21111 is renamed from “Road vehicles – In-vehicle Gigabit Ethernet system” to “Road vehicles – In-vehicle Ethernet system” in order to be able to comprise future Automotive
Ethernet support specifications for different PHY technologies. The original parts 1 and 3 are split into part 1 to part 4, with the new parts 1 and 2 containing information that is applicable to all Automotive Ethernet PHY variants.

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2016 Nov. 10IEEE 802.3 agrees on requesting to move the 10 Mbps PHY activity for industrial and automotive to Task Force [114]. This effort receives the number IEEE 802.3cg and is expected to be named (a
variant of) 10BASE-T1 .

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2016 Nov. 10CFI passes at IEEE 802.3 in order to establish a SG to investigate the standardization of a multi-Gbps Ethernet for use in automotive [115].


本文摘自<>,作者为:
- Kirsten Matheus,
- Thomas Koniqgseder(目前离职BMW,加入Technica Engineering)